Black gram, also known as urad dal, is a leguminous crop rich in protein and dietary fiber. It thrives in warm, humid climates with temperatures between 25–35°C and grows well in loamy or clay loam soils with good drainage. Black gram is grown as a short-duration crop and matures in 80–90 days. It is widely used in Indian cuisine to make dals, idlis, and dosas. The crop enriches soil fertility by fixing atmospheric nitrogen, making it an essential component of crop rotation systems. Black gram requires moderate irrigation and benefits from proper pest and disease management. It is a valuable source of nutrition and income, particularly in South Asian countries, and has a growing export market.